I would revisit caves I had studied and find that they'd been destroyed. It gradually became clear that it wasn't adequate to just research bats, I had to protect them.
Russian zoologist and environmental campaigner, Suren Gazaryan, is today awarded the 2014's Goldman Environmental Prize winner for Europe.
Gazaryan has fought against illegal land grabs which threatens the Russian wilderness.
Leaving his family behind, he fled Russia to avoid trumped up charges of murder threats and now lives in exile in Germany and Estonia.
The Goldman Prize, the world's largest prize for grassroots activists, awarded to six people from each of the world's six continents. It is often awarded to men and women who take great personal risks to safeguard the environment.
Persecuted for blowing the whistle on Sochi Olympics
And Gazaryan certainly fits the profile. His organisation Environmental Watch on North Caucasus's (EWNC) campaigns against corrupt government land grabs and the destruction of protected areas in the Krasnodar region in the Western Caucasus - the site of the Sochi Winter Olympics - has made him a target for government persecution.
In spite of this, Gazaryan successfully reinstated the protected status of the Utrish Reserve and stopped construction work in a protected area. His work also helped establish a legal precedent for protected zones on the shores of the Black Sea, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
But it was the love of nature, bats and caves in particular - also his area of scientific study - that started him off: "I would revisit caves I had studied and find that they'd been destroyed. It gradually became clear that it wasn't adequate to just research bats, I had to protect them."
Biting the tail of the tiger
His studies also revealed that residences had been illegally constructed along the Black Sea coastline: "It turned out there were a lot of them, and all were associated in some way or another with the government.
"We decided to focus our attention on the most important and visible leaders, such as Putin, Medvedev and Governor Tkachev so that it would impact everyone trying to build illegally on protected land."
Gazaryan and his fellow campaigners went to the building site of former president Medvedev's palace and physically blocked the bulldozers. He explains that after two weeks the builders realised they weren't going to be able to move forward and the construction ended.
They then embarked on a campaign to make the area a nature reserve, in order to protect it from further destruction. After rallies, demonstrations and social media campaigning collecting tens of thousands of signatures, they succeeded, and the federal government finally awarded the Utrish Reserve the highest level of federal protection.
The 25,000 acre wilderness, located along the north west coast of the Black Sea, is home to dozens of endangered plant and animal species
I would revisit caves I had studied and find that they'd been destroyed. It gradually became clear that it wasn't adequate to just research bats, I had to protect them.
Forced to flee Russia
Social media was part of the success when reaching out to people and gaining support for the campaign. New media such as VKontakte (a Russian social network), YouTube and blogs have rapidly become an important news source for Russians skeptical about government controlled media.
Gazaryan authored hundreds of blog posts under his real name and shared video footage on YouTube that he filmed during his inspections of illegally seized land: brave acts given the current political climate.
But in 2012 Gazaryan was forced to flee Russia and seek political asylum in Estonia, leaving his family behind. It was either that or face a long prison sentence, all because of taking great risks while bravely fighting to protect the Russian wilderness.
For a winner of what's been called the Nobel Prize for the environment, he is very modest about his own achievements. And although he says he is "honoured", he rejects any suggestions of being a hero.
Activists imprisoned
Instead he keeps drawing the attention back to the work of his organisation, what more needs doing, and to the fate of his close friend and fellow activist Evgeny Vitishko, who is now imprisoned in a penal colony.
Gazaryan and Vitishko were both given three years' probation in June 2012 for damaging the fence of the property of a government official in the Krasnodar region.
Later that year, after another situation at a construction site at Putin's palace, the Russian authorities charged him with a second criminal case for allegedly threatening to kill security guards, charges Gazaryan has denied. He explains that because he was already on probation, he was then in danger of being imprisoned, hence why he fled the country.
His friend, however, did not leave, and after another incident in November 2013, Vitishko's probation became a custodial sentence.
He may be a prize winner today, but Gazaryan says their battle was lost. "I don't see myself as a hero. Because there is a fine line between hero and victim in my situation.
"Of course, on one end of the spectrum, there are prizes, credentials and nice things like that. But on the other end I think that we did not win our battle. For me, my friend Vitishko is a real hero. He is in jail and doesn't have any opportunities to go out in public and win prizes."
New law curbs activism
The recently introduced 'foreign agent' legislation has placed enormous pressure on Russian environmental activists. The new Russian law targets NGOs which receive overseas funds and are deemed to be politically active, requiring them to register as 'foreign agents'.
Because of this, EWNC has been effectively closed down: bank accounts have been blocked, so they cannot do any official work or pay rent, nor can they receive donations for their work to continue. This also means that he cannot send any of his $175,000 prize money to EWNC.
"For example, if we can't represent an official body, then we can't apply for grants or communicate on behalf of the organisation or use the legal system or take any other measures to help resolve potential disputes."
And EWNC is no exception, says Gazaryan. "Almost every environmental organisation is struggling with similar problems, because of this new legislation which applies to ‘foreign agents'. And all these environmental organisations fall into that category."
He says one of the biggest environmental threats today is the growing population. "It's a problem for biodiversity and ecosystems, when the population, not only in Europe and Russia but everywhere, is rising. And there are not enough resources to protect the ecosystems or biodiversity."
When the spotlights go out
There was a lot of media attention surrounding the environmental threats posed by the Sochi Olympics this year. Now, says Gazaryan, with the Olympics over the spotlight is gone too. But that doesn't mean it should be forgotten. Gazaryan says he plans to continue to fight ongoing land grabs in the Krasnodar region.
The Winter Olympics were catastrophic for the environment, according to a new report that Gazarayan's EWNC has managed to gather despite their difficulties.
It argues that international complacency has allowed the Russian government to destroy a unique ecosystem and cause widespread environmental destruction not seen since the industrial era over a century ago.
Damage from Olympic construction projects is irreversible and includes:
- tree clearance on a massive scale in virgin forests;
- forced displacement of people;
- destruction of unique biodiversity hotspots, including the Imereti Lowlands - home to a diverse population of migratory birds, some of which are Red Book listed;
- the loss of one third of the southern population of brown bears;
- the total disappearance of fish in some areas;
- water pollution, landslides and erosion.
So what else does the future hold for Gazaryan, who has now had to start a new life for himself? For now, he says he will focus on his new job which allows him to further his research on bats.
"I'll stay in Germany for the next few years to continue my work to protect bats. I will be going on field trips to Georgia. That's my plan."
Will he ever return home?
Unless the political climate changes, he is not sure when, or if, he can ever return home. "There are reasons why I left Russia and if the causes for me leaving Russia are still there it will be very difficult, or impossible even, to go back. I don't think that while Putin is in power it's at all possible.
"But eventually, I would like to go back. My ex-wife and children are still in Russia. That's a big problem for me since I can't see them as often as I would want. They can visit me occasionally, but it's not an ideal situation. But I had no choice: it was prison or flee, I choose to flee."
But change takes time, he explains. "Russia needs a change in political system. This change should come from within the society, so the society should put pressure on the power to change the political system.
"It's not just an ecological problem, it's a part of an overall problem and the environment is part of the system. But changing the attitude takes time. Political changes are necessary but they take a very long time."
So how will Gazaryan use his Goldman Prize money? "I think perhaps to buy a house in Germany." Which sounds very sensible - and is surely a well deserved reward for the many risks and privations he has suffered.
Sophie Morlin-Yron is a freelance journalist based in London. For more of her work visit her website. Twitter: @sophiemyron.
To watch videos of Suren Guzaryan and the other winners or to read more about them visit the Goldman Prize website
Also on The Ecologist:
