While the global average temperature rises of 1 to 3°C seem small, they were, like today, linked with magnified temperature increases in the polar regions which sustained over many thousands of years.
Even if humanity were to stop throwing carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere today, a catastrophic rise in sea levels of six meters may be inevitable.
Two previous prehistoric interglacial periods, in which the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere was believed to be about what it is today, resulted in dramatic rising of the oceans.
High-latitude ice sheets are melting, and given that global warming is most pronounced in the Arctic, it may already be too late stop a rise in sea levels that would flood out hundreds of millions around the world.
Two new papers, the latest in a series of scientific studies, paint a picture considerably less rosy than conventional ideas that major damage can still be avoided.
One of these papers, a nine-scientist report led by geologist Andrea Dutton at the University of Florida published in the journal Science, found that modest rises in global temperatures of 1-2C in the past led to sea levels rising at least six meters, ranging up to 13 meters (see figure).
For the ice, there's nothing 'safe' about a 2C temperature rise
Referencing the widely held belief that catastrophic damage can be avoided if global warming is held to no more than 2C from pre-industrial levels, she summarized the findings to Climate Central:
"Even if we meet that 2°C target, in the past with those types of temperatures, we may be committing ourselves to this level of sea level rise in the long term. The decisions we make now about where we want to be in 2100 commit us on a pathway where we can't go back. Once these ice sheets start to melt, the changes become irreversible."
The 'permissible' level may be less than that, however. More sophisticated sea-level reconstructions through interdisciplinary studies of geological evidence and better understanding of the behavior of ice sheets enabled the paper's authors to infer that temperatures only slightly higher than what we are experiencing today upset the climatic balance. A summary of the paper concludes:
"[D]uring the last interglacial - a warm period between ice ages 125,000 years ago - the global average temperature was similar to the present and this was linked to a sea-level rise of 6-9 meters, caused by melting ice in Greenland and Antarctica. Around 400,000 years ago, when global average temperatures were estimated to be between 1 to 2°C higher than preindustrial levels, sea levels reached 6-13 meters [higher.]"
More alarming, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere then was lower than it is today. Although geological forces pushing and pulling Earth's surface can't be precisely calculated, and thus introduce uncertainty in the actual level of the oceans in the geologic record, the greater uncertainty lies at the higher level of estimates. The paper's summary said:
While the global average temperature rises of 1 to 3°C seem small, they were, like today, linked with magnified temperature increases in the polar regions which sustained over many thousands of years.
"Noticeably, during these two periods, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere remained around 280 parts per million (ppm). The scientists also looked at sea level during the Pliocene, three million years ago, when carbon dioxide levels reached around 400 ppm - similar to today's levels.
"They hypothesized that sea level was at least 6 metres higher than today and potentially substantially higher. ... While the global average temperature rises of 1 to 3°C seem small, they were, like today, linked with magnified temperature increases in the polar regions which sustained over many thousands of years."
Even at current CO2 levels, we are committed to centuries of warming
A second paper, State of the Climate in 2014, reports that Arctic sea-surface temperatures are rising faster than overall global temperatures, ice caps across the Northern Hemisphere continue to shrink, record high permafrost temperatures are being recorded in northern Alaska and melting of the Greenland ice cap is accelerating.
The paper, a collaboration of 413 scientists from 58 countries, reports that, even if greenhouse gases were frozen at current levels, the oceans would continue to warm for centuries and thus lead to rising sea levels.
Carbon dioxide thrown into the air stays in the atmosphere for a long time and warming oceans will retain added heat and transfer that back to the atmosphere. This is already leading to warming oceans, State of the Climate reports:
"Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases are preventing heat radiated from Earth's surface from escaping into space as freely as it used to; most of the excess heat is being stored in the upper ocean. As a result, upper ocean heat content has increased significantly over the past two decades."
The Science and State of the Climate papers back previous studies that conclude "there is no going back" - the excess heat stored in oceans will be released back into the atmosphere for centuries to come - and that Earth is crossing multiple points of no return.
What would a 6 meter sea level rise look like?
Two worrisome trends are that the eight lowest Arctic Ocean sea ice extents have all occurred in the past eight years, and that the extent of the melting of the Greenland ice sheet during summer 2014 was faster than the 1981-2000 average 90% of the time.
Antarctic ice is not yet showing accelerated melting, State of the Climate reports, but the paper does note that short-term extremes in temperatures have become more frequent on the continent. Also two scientific papers published in 2014 suggest the West Antarctic ice sheet has become dangerously weakened.
One finds that a "large sector of the West Antarctic ice sheet ... has passed the point of no return" and the other finds that the ice sheet has become sufficiently unstable to possibly collapse in as few as 200 years. That is a long time by ordinary human standards, but very brief in geological terms, and would add greatly to rising sea levels.
So what would a six-meter increase in ocean levels mean? More than 440,000 square miles (1.14 million square kilometers), where 375 million people, would go under water, according to Climate Central.
The current path humanity is walking is to throw more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Current plans by political leaders to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions by 2050 and completely by 2100 are woefully inadequate, but even those goals will be difficult to achieve.
Capitalism against the planet
The metabolism of capitalism, and all its incentives, is for more growth and thus more anthropogenic warming. Reversing global warming is impossible without reducing consumption, but that, too, is impossible under capitalism because a typical advanced capitalist country 60% to 70% of the economy is accounted for by household spending.
Because of the growth imperative of capitalism - the need to grow or die forces enterprises into never-ending innovations to cut costs - economic growth of 2.5% is necessary to maintain the unemployment rate where it is and "substantially stronger growth than that" is necessary for a rapid decrease, according to a former White House Council of Economic Advisers chair, Christina Romer.
Capitalism will not guarantee new jobs for those made unemployed by closing down polluting industries, adding incentives to maintain them. 'Free trade' agreements accelerate global warming because supply lines are stretched around the world and production is moved to the places with the lowest wages and weakest regulations.
And as conventional sources of energy are depleted, more extreme measures are taken, including the exploitation of tar sands, adding still more greenhouse gases.
Our descendants are not likely to believe that short-term corporate profits and unsustainable consumption were a fair tradeoff for a world left much less habitable.
Pete Dolack is an activist, writer, poet and photographer, and writes on Systemic Disorder. His forthcoming book 'It's Not Over: Lessons from the Socialist Experiment', a study of attempts to create societies on a basis other than capitalism, will be published by Zero Books in late 2015.
The papers
- 'Sea-level rise due to polar ice-sheet mass loss during past warm periods' by A. Dutton et al is published in Science.
- '2014 State of the Climate: Ocean Heat Content' by Caitlyn Kennedy is published by NOAA on Climate.gov.
This article was originally published on Systemic Disorder.
