Spillover of viruses from animals is a direct result of our actions involving wildlife and their habitat.
As the novel coronavirus crisis continues to take lives around the world, answering the question of how infectious diseases are connected to environmental damage remains vital.
Researchers have found that exploitation of wildlife by humans - through hunting, trade, habitat degradation and urbanisation facilitate and other forms of close contact between the two - has been increasing the risk of virus spillover.
According to a new study, many of these activities are also driving wildlife population declines and increasing the risk of extinction.
Threaten
The research - Published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B - provides new evidence for assessing spillover risk in animal species.
It highlights how the processes that create wildlife population declines also enable the transmission of animal viruses to humans.
Christine Kreuder Johnson is project director of USAID PREDICT and director of the EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics at the One Health Institute, a programme of the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. She is the lead author of the report.
Ms Kreuder Johnson said: "Spillover of viruses from animals is a direct result of our actions involving wildlife and their habitat. The consequence is they're sharing their viruses with us.
"These actions simultaneously threaten species survival and increase the risk of spillover. In an unfortunate convergence of many factors, this brings about the kind of mess we're in now."
Interactions
The scientists assembled a large dataset of the 142 known viruses that spill over from animals to humans and the species that have been implicated as potential hosts.
Using the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, they examined patterns in those species' abundance, extinction risks and underlying causes for species declines.
They found clear trends in spillover risk that highlight how people have interacted with animals throughout history.
Domesticated animals, including livestock, have shared the highest number of viruses with humans, with eight times more zoonotic viruses compared to wild mammalian species, according to the study.
This is likely a result of our frequent close interactions with these species for centuries, researchers say.
Viruses
The scientists also found wild animals that have increased in abundance and adapted well to human-dominated environments also share more viruses with people.
These include some rodent, bat and primate species that live among people, near our homes, and around our farms and crops, making them high-risk for ongoing transmission of viruses to people.
Researchers say threatened and endangered species also tend to be highly managed and directly monitored by humans trying to bring about their population recovery, which also puts them into greater contact with people.
They set out that bats have repeatedly been implicated as a source of "high consequence" pathogens, including Sars, Nipah virus, Marburg virus and ebolaviruses, the study notes.
Professor Johnson said: "We need to be really attentive to how we interact with wildlife and the activities that bring humans and wildlife together. We obviously don't want pandemics of this scale.
"We need to find ways to co-exist safely with wildlife, as they have no shortages of viruses to give us."
This Author
Nina Massey is the PA science correspondent.
